碳纳米管对硅灰/水泥砂浆力学和2D-3D微结构性能的影响(英文)

为了研究碳纳米管对硅灰/水泥砂浆力学性能及2D和3D微结构的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜测试了砂浆的2D空间形貌,并首次运用X射线计算机断层扫描技术对碳纳米管增强硅灰/水泥砂浆体系的3D缺陷进行了表征,同时探讨了砂浆28d龄期的断裂韧性和耐磨性等力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,碳纳米管显著提高了砂浆的断裂韧性和耐磨性,改善了基体的微观结构,硅灰的加入有利于碳纳米管在基体中的分散和增强效应的发挥。     

Surface hierarchical porosity in poly (ɛ-caprolactone) membranes with potential applications in tissue engineering prepared by foaming in supercritical carbon dioxide

This article describes the preparation of porous poly (ɛ-caprolactone), PCL, membranes by supercritical CO₂ (SCCO₂) foaming, displaying surface hierarchical macroporosity which could be tailored by careful control of the pressure, in the range of 150–250 bar, and depressurization processes in several steps, showing also pore interconnectivity between both membrane faces. The membranes exhibited two distinct types of surface macroporosity, the larger with diameter sizes of 300–500 μm were surrounded by and also composed of smaller pores of 15–50 μm (same size as inner pores). Membranes were prepared by solvent casting and submitted to different SCCO₂ foaming. Parameters such as membrane thickness, CO₂ flow, foaming time, pressure, temperature and the depressurization processes (rate and profiles), were varied to determine their influence on final porosity and to decipher which parameters were the most critical ones in terms of surface hierarchical pore organization. No remarkable changes in PCL crystallinity were found when membranes were processed under SCCO₂. Finally, biological evaluation of the porous membranes was achieved by seeding human skin fibroblasts on the prepared membranes. The results, in terms of cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation and metabolic activity indicate that these membranes could hold promise for the fabrication of meshes with controlled porosity for tissue engineering applications.     

Integrated supercritical fluid extraction and subcritical water hydrolysis for the recovery of bioactive compounds from pressed palm fiber

Pressed palm fiber (PPF), a residue obtained from palm oil industry, is a source of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, which are used as food additives. It also has cellulose and hemicellulose that can be used to yield fermentable sugars for the production of second generation ethanol. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of pressed palm fiber provides an oil rich in carotenoids while subcritical water hydrolysis (SubWH) produces hydrolysates with high amounts of fermentable sugars. In this work, the effects of pressure (15–30 MPa) and temperature (318 and 328 K) on SFE of carotenoids were investigated. The SFE extract with highest carotenoid content was obtained at 318 K and 15 MPa (2.3% d.b., 0.81 mg β-carotene/g extract). After the extraction, the influence of process temperature (423–633 K), pressure (15 and 25 MPa), solvent:feed ratio (120 and 240), and residence time (1.25–5 min) on SubWH of the extraction residue was studied. At the temperature of 523 K, the highest total reducing sugar yield (11–23 g glucose/100 g carbohydrate) and the highest biomass conversion (40–97%) were obtained for any pressure and solvent:feed ratio. The highest selectivity for saccharide formation was found at 423 K (20–59 mol glucose/mol furfural equivalent). Optimal conditions for high saccharide formation and low sugar degradation product in subcritical hydrolysis were obtained at 523 K, 15 MPa, solvent:feed ratio of 120, residence time of 2.5 min with a total reducing sugar yield of 22.9 g glucose/100 g carbohydrate and a conversion of 84.9%.     

Removal of contaminants from polluted drilling mud using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Liquid drilling fluid is often called drilling mud is heavy, viscous fluid mixtures use to carry rock cuttings to the surface and lubricate and cool the drill bit. During carrying cuttings they contaminated which not only reduce their functionality but also make them a hazardous and dangerous wastes which cannot be discharged anywhere without treatment. Due to this fact, in the present study, supercritical extraction process was used to remove contaminants from the drilling mud. Regarding this, effect of different parameters including extraction temperature (313–338 K) and pressure (100–200 bar), flow rate of CO₂ (0.05–0.36 cm³/s) and static time (20–130 min) on the removal of contaminations from drilling mud was examined using the design of experiment of changing one factor at a time. The obtained results revealed that the optimum operational conditions that lead to the highest removal degree of contaminations are temperature and pressure of 333 K and 180 bar, respectively, flow rate of lower than 0.1 cm³/s and the static time of 110 min. In addition, to examine the effect of the supercritical extraction on the crystalline structure modification and removal contaminations X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed which confirmed the successful removal of contaminations from the drilling mud without significant crystalline modification.     

纳米CeO_2催化CO_2与甲醇反应合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

本文介绍了金属催化剂纳米CeO2的制备方法,通过对催化剂结构、性质的表征和催化活性的比较,确定出高效的催化剂,并优化了气固相CO2与甲醇直接合成DMC的反应条件。借此,实验得到以下结果:通过对5种方法制备的纳米CeO2催化剂的比较,发现溶胶凝胶法制备的纳米CeO2催化活性最好,甲醇的转化率可达0.215%,DMC选择性为100%。考察了CO2和甲醇合成DMC的较合适的工艺条件是:反应温度433K,反应压力1.0MPa,催化剂用量0.5g,CO2和甲醇摩尔比2.0,甲醇的转化率可达0.215%,DMC选择性为100%。     

两种海水脱硫催化剂性能的研究

在海水脱硫恢复系统中,为了提高海水脱硫催化剂的脱硫效果,降低吸收塔出口海水中S(IV)浓度,对聚丙烯腈碳纤维和天然斜发沸石两种催化剂进行了改性、表征。并在不同的p H值条件下对同一催化剂,以及在同一p H值条件下对不同的催化剂的催化效果进行了研究。结果表明,改性后的聚丙烯腈碳纤维和天然斜发沸石结构没有发生变化,催化效果却大大提高;在p H值为6时,两者的催化效果均最佳;同时,改性斜发沸石(400-Fe-Clin)的催化效率高于改性聚丙烯腈(PAN1)基碳纤维。     

PET中添加MWNT对其性能及结构的影响测定

将多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)聚合时加入,制备包含MWNT不同含量的MWNT/PET复合材料,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了复合材料的结构;借助差示扫描量热仪对MWNT/PET复合材料的结晶性能进行测试。     

OMMT -卤-锑阻燃体系对 PA6／LGF 复合材料的影响

利用有机蒙脱土（ OMMT）协同溴代环氧树脂（ BER）、三氧化二锑（ Sb2 O3）通过熔融插层法制备OMMT-卤-锑阻燃长玻纤增强尼龙6复合材料（OMMT/FR/PA6/LGF）,通过极限氧指数（LOI）、垂直燃烧（UL-94）、锥形量热分析（CONE）、热失重分析（ TGA）、扫描电镜（ SEM）等方法研究了不同质量比的OMMT-卤-锑阻燃体系对OMMT/FR/PA6/LGF复合材料成炭、阻燃、燃烧、力学性能以及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,当OMMT添加量为2％, BER/Sb2 O3添加量为10％时,二者表现出优异的协同阻燃效应,不仅能促使OMMT/FR/PA6/LGF复合材料生成的炭层结构最为致密、均匀、连续,氧指数值最高且能保持FV-0级,还对复合材料的力学性能影响相对最小。     

微波协同活性炭和H_2O_2处理苯酚废水的研究

对微波协同H2O2和活性炭降解苯酚废水的研究。考察了活性炭用量、H2O2用量、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、pH和活性炭使用次数对苯酚降解效果的影响。结果表明：对于100 mg/L的苯酚废水来说,微波辐射功率为210 W,辐射时间为4 min,活性炭用量为1.0 g,H2O2用量为1.0 mL,pH为5时,苯酚去除率可达到93.56%。将该方法作用于实际废水中,苯酚的去除率也能达到89%以上。通过对比实验,发现微波、活性炭、H2O2对处理苯酚废水起协同作用。并用该方法处理1 m3的实际废水,大约需要3.64元。     

芬顿+改良活性炭深度处理垃圾渗滤液的应用

主要研究了芬顿+改良活性炭深度处理垃圾渗滤液在实际工程中的应用。考察了初始运行的处理效果,CODCr、SS、色度均能达标,UV254(反映腐殖酸类物质的量)的去除效果表较明显。对吸附剂的实际吸附能力进行了考察,一级吸附在运行110天时才出现吸附效率明显降低,二级吸附在一级吸附能力下降时可以保证较高的去除率(70%以上)。该工艺深度处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液药剂费和活性炭更换费之和为21.27元/吨水,可以满足渗滤液处理的经济性要求。